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Journal of Advancement in Medicine Volume 12, Number 3, Fall 1999 Clinical
Experiences Using a Low-Dose,
High-Frequency Human
Growth Hormone Treatment Regimen Edmund
Chein, MD, Daniel G. Vogt, MD, and Cass Terry, MD ABSTRACT
Clinical experiences with more than 2000 patients using a low-dose
high-frequency dosing regimen of human growth hormone are described. Results of
a questionnaire revealed subjective positive effects of the treatment, and
lower than expected incidences of adverse side effects reported by others using
higher dose regimens. Retrospective analysis of patient laboratory results
revealed that this treatment regimen resulted in lower levels of serum
cholesterol and triglycerides, significant elevations of plasma insulin-like
growth factor 1, and no increase in serum prostate specific antigen levels. Introduction In 1990 Rudman et al. (1) reported several positive effects of human growth hormone (hGH) replacement therapy in aging adults. These positive effects included increased lean body mass, decreased adipose-tissue mass, increased average lumbar vertebral bone density, and increased skin thickness. The high-dose, low-frequency (HD) hGH replacement regimen described in that study (5 to 5.5 units of hGH injected s.c. three times weekly) is commonly used today for hGH replacement therapy. In addition to the above-mentioned positive effects, decreases in blood lipids and improved psychological well-being and quality of life assess- ________ Dr. Chein and Dr. Vogt are affiliated with Palm Springs Life Extension Institute, Palm Springs, California. Dr. Terry' is affiliated with the Medical College of Wisconsin. Address correspondence to Edmund Chein, MD, JD, Palm Springs Life Extension Institute, 2825 Tahquitz Cyn. Boulevard, Building A, Palm Springs, CA 92262. 183 ~ 1999 Human Sciences Press, Inc. 184
JOURNAL OF ADVANCEMENT IN MEDICINE ments have also been reported with HD hGH replacement therapy (2). The most commonly reported side-effects of HD hGH replacement therapy are fluid retention, arthralgias, and carpal tunnel syndrome (3). In 1994 we began treating aging adults with hGH using a different treatment regimen. We chose a low-dose, high-frequency (LD) hGH replacement regimen that more closely mimics the natural rhythm of hGH release by the pineal gland. Our hypothesis was that patients could receive the same benefits of the hGH replacement therapy with fewer side effects and at a lower cost. Herein we report our
clinical experiences with treating more than 2000 patients with adult growth
hormone deficiency (AGHD) using our LD hGH replacement regimen. Results of
self-assessment side effects, beneficial effects, and cancer incidence surveys
and retrospective analyses of pre- and post-treatment plasma IGF-I, total
serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA)
concentrations are presented and discussed. Patients
and Dosing Regimen Patients This report is based on Palm Springs
Life Extension Institute clinic patients diagnosed with AGHD (defined by plasma
IGF-1 level <350 ng/mL) from 1994 through 1998. Patients were instructed to
self administer growth hormone subcutaneously. Recombinant human growth hormone
0.06 to 0.12 IU/kg.week was self administered subcutaneously in 12 divided
doses, injected once upon rising, and once at bedtime, six days per week. Most
prescriptions were filled with Genotropin, manufactured by The Upjohn Company,
Kalamazoo, MI, or Humatrope, manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company,
Indianapolis, IN. This schedule resulted in a weekly growth hormone dose of 3.6
to 8.4 IU. A comparison of the theoretical blood levels of hGH using our LD vs.
the HD dosing regime is illustrated in Figure 1. Data
Analyses Data from a computerized database of the
patients' laboratory results were analyzed retrospectively. Only data from
patients treated with subcutaneous growth hormone for a minimum of 1 month were
included. Data for plasma IGF-1, serum PSA, triglycerides, and cholesterol
were included if a baseline and at least one intra- or post-treatment value were
in the database. For cases in which multiple 190
JOURNAL OF ADVANCEMENT IN MEDICINE TABLE 3 Patient Self-Assessment: Side Effects of hGH Administration EDMUND
CHEIN, DANIEL G. VOGT, CASS TERRY
185 FIGURE 1 Theoretical plasma levels of hGH using high-dose, low-frequency (HD) and low-dose, high-frequency (LD) treatment regimens. Methods of HGH Therapy
intra- or post-treatment values existed, the most recent value was included and others disregarded. Using the above criteria, plasma IGF-1 data from 345 patients, serum PSA data from 142 patients, serum triglyceride data from 186 patients, and serum cholesterol data from 215 patients were analyzed. P values based on two-tailed, matched pair t-tests were calculated with Microsoft Excel software for the comparisons between the values before and after therapy. Measurements 186
JOURNAL OF ADVANCEMENT IN MEDICINE Experiences
and Discussion Plasma
IGF-1 Levels One goal of the LD hGH replacement regimen was to obtain plasma IGF-1 levels between 290 and 350 ng/ml, the range Rudman et al. (1) found optimal for increasing lean body mass, bone marrow density and skin thickness while decreasing body fat. Measured IGF-1 levels before and after therapy varied among individuals. Some patients showed significant increases in plasma IGF-1 concentrations after one month of treatment, while others responded to therapy more slowly. In the case of slow responders, hGH dose was gradually increased until a response was observed. Average plasma IGF-1 concentrations before and after therapy are given in Table 1. Males responded to hGH more quickly at lower doses than females (data not shown). The reduced response in females may be due to estrogen, which decreases hepatic IGF-1 production. The mean increase in plasma IGF-1 levels for men was roughly 75 ng/ml per month. The value in females was similar once their hGH doses were increased to compensate for their increased requirements. Typically females were given 2 to 4 units of hGH per week more than men. There are some caveats
that need to be considered when examining plasma IGF-1 measurements. There are
variations in laboratory methods and reference ranges; moreover, IGF-1
concentrations reported for a given plasma sample varied among different
laboratories by as much as 100 ng/ml. Another caution is that we have seen
diurnal variations in plasma IGF-1 concentrations. Therefore, all blood samples
used for data analysis here were drawn between 1 PM and 2 PM. These precautions
allowed for accurate comparisons of IGF-1 levels for a given patient. Cholesterol
and Thiglycerides Significant reductions were seen in
serum concentrations of total cholesterol (n = 202, p<.001) and
triglycerides (n = 186, p<.0001). Data are summarized in Table 1. Cancer
Incidence IPSA Increased cancer incidence is a concern with growth hormone therapy because some believe it can cause undetected cancer cells to proliferate more rapidly. Among our patients who have had growth hormone replacement therapy for six months or longer, only four have EDMUND
CHEIN, DANIEL G. VOGT, CASS TERRY
187 TABLE 1 ______________________________________________________ Before Treatment After Treatment ______________________________________________________ Fasting Serum Cholesterol 224 209 Levels (mg/dL), n = 215, p<.001 mean duarion of treatment in days 202, median age 54. Fasting Serum Triglyceride 191 145 Levels (mg/dL), n = 186, p<0001 mean duration of treatment in days 181, median age 54. Plasma IGF-1 levels (ng/mL), 201 277 N = 345, mean duration of p<.00001 treatment in days 216, median age 53. Serum PSA levels (mcg/L), 2.4 2.2 N = 142, mean duration of p=.64 treatment in days 259, median age 57.
reported newly diagnosed cancer. Two of the four developed squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. They both had high exposures to sunlight. A third patient had a squamous cell cancer of the tonsil. A fourth patient developed plasma cell cancer one month after treatments began. It is unlikely that this plasma cancer developed as a result of the treatments because of the short treatment duration. We have not seen any cases of newly diagnosed prostate cancer in our patient population. There was a non-significant decrease in serum PSA levels in evaluable patients (n 142, Table 1). These data on the surface appear to contradict the recent report of a strong positive association between IGF-1 levels and prostate cancer risk (4). IGF-1 parallels growth hormone levels in the blood; however; the two molecules do not behave similarly. Growth hormone exerts immunostimulatory effects (5) while IGF-1 possesses mitogenic and anti-apoptotic qualities. An elevated IGF- 1 plasma level without concomitant elevation of plasma growth hormone level, which may have been the case in reference 4, allows for the negative effects of IGF-1 to be manifest without the positive immunostimulatory effects of growth hormone. IGF-1 188
JOURNAL OF ADVANCEMENT IN MEDICINE concentrations in our patient population rose in response to GH levels. This may explain why there was no overall increase in serum PSA concentrations found in our data. Subjective
Benefits of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Adults Self-assessment forms to assess benefits of LD hGH replacement therapy were provided to 1000 patients; 308 responded. The assessment forms asked patients to check one of three responses for each category: no improvement; slight improvement; marked improvement. The respondents were 3:1 females to males. Self-assessment data
collected at a mean assessment time of 180 days after therapy are given in Table
2. Greater than eighty percent of the respondents reported slight to marked
improvements in strength, exercise capacity, and body fat reduction. Patients
also reported improvements in sexual function, skin quality, healing, mental
attitude, energy level, and memory. The same benefits seen with HD hGH replacement
therapy were seen in our patient population. Subjective
Side Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Adults Self-assessment side effect reporting forms were provided to 1000 patients; 282 responded. The assessment forms asked patients to check one of three responses for each category: no side effect, mild side effect, severe side effect. Fluid retention was the most commonly reported side effect. This problem was transient, however, and could be eliminated by reducing the dose of human growth hormone initially and then gradually increasing the dose. Growth hormone's effect on activity in the sebaceous glands also gave rise to acne in some cases. Acne, like fluid retention, could be eliminated by adjustment of the hGH dose. Some patients also reported hair growth, joint pain, and carpal tunnel syndrome. A detailed list of reported side effects is in Table 3. Three patients developed prostatitis, though this may have been due to concomitant use of testosterone replacement. One diabetic patient had a temporary increase in blood sugar; which was corrected by reducing the hGH dose temporarily. The incidence of side effects reported by respondents in this survey is lower than that reported in studies using HD hGH replacement therapy. One such study reported 60% of patients had side effects and 30% required dose adjustments due to the severity (6). EDMUND
CHEIN,, DANIEL G. VOGT, CASS TERRY
189
TABLE 2 Patient Self-Assessment: Effect of hGH Administration in 202 Patients Attribute Percent Reporting Improvement Strength, Exercise, and Body Fat Muscle Strength 88% Muscle Size 81% Body Fat Loss 72% Exercise Tolerance 81% Exercise Endurance 83% Skin and Hair Quality Skin Texture 71% Skin Thickness 68% Skin Elasticity 71% Wrinkle Disappearance 51% New Hair Growth 38% Healing, Flexibility, and Resistance Healing of Old Injuries 55% Healing of Other Injuries 68% Healing Capacity 71% Back Flexibility 53% Resistance to Common Illnesses 73% Sexual Function Sexual Potency/Frequency 75% Duration of Penile Erection 62% Frequency of Nighttime Urination 57% Hot Flashes 58% Menstrual Cycle Regulation 39% Energy, Emotion, and Memory Energy Level 84% Emotional Stability 67% Attitude Toward Life 78% Memory 62% ____________________________________________________________ 190
JOURNAL OF ADVANCEMENT IN MEDICINE TABLE 3 Patient Self-Assessment: Side Effects of hGH Administration Percent Side Effect Number Reported Reporting Fluid Retention 13 4.6 Acne 12 4.3 Increased Hair Growth 8 2.8 Joint Pains or Discomfort 7 2.5 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 5 1.8 Prostatitis 3 1.1 Oily Skin 2 0.7 Hot Flashes (males) 2 0.7 Flushed Skin 1 0.4 Thicker Skin 1 0.4 Increased Blood Sugar (diabetic) 1 0.4 Summary Our clinical experience with LD hGH replacement therapy for more than 2000 AGHDS patients has been that it provides the same benefits of HD hGH replacement therapy with fewer side effects and at a lower cost. This regimen results in usage of 1/2 to 1/4 the hGH described in other clinical trials, therefore reducing the cost of therapy accordingly. Our patients, most of who were between forty-five and sixty-five years old, showed significant increases in IGF-1 levels, along with decreases in cholesterol and triglyceride levels, after treatment. Moreover; many of them reported improvements in quality of life, including increased exercise duration, sexual performance, energy levels, and muscular strength. Side effects reported by the patients were minimal and could be reversed by temporarily decreasing the hGH dose. Data analysis also showed that there was no increase in PSA associated with long term (mean 256 days) LD hGH replacement therapy. Our clinical experiences and data reported in this report suggest that LD hGH replacement therapy is a viable alternative to HD hGH replacement therapy. EDMUND
CHEIN, DANIEL G. VOGT, CASS TERRY
191 References 1. Rudman D, Feller AG, Nagrai HS et al. Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1-6. 2. Christ ER, Carroll PV~ Russell-Jones DL et al. The consequences of growth hormone deficiency in adulthood, and the effects of growth hormone replacement. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1997;127:1440-1449. 3. Bouillanne 0, Rainfray M, Tissandier 0 et al. Growth hormone therapy in elderly people. an age-delaying drug? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1996;i0:416-430. 4. Chan JM, Stampfer J, Meir J et al. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-i and prostate cancer risk: A prospective study. Science 1998;279:563~565. 5. Bozzola M, Valtorta A, Moretta A et al. In vitro and in vivo effect of growth hormone on cytotoxic activity. J Pedjatr 1990;117:596-602. 6. Holmes SJ, Shalet SM. Which adults develop side-effects of growth hormone replacement? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995;43:143-149.
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